Rodriguez vs. San Antonio Independent School District essays

Rodriguez versus San Antonio Independent School District articles In the article Rich School, Poor Schools... J.B. Raskin clarifies the Supreme Courts demeanor toward the order of Separate however Equal. Rather than characterizing this demeanor regarding race, in any case, Raskin investigates its monetary partner by clarifying all parts of the San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez case. This case encourages us to comprehend the monetary boundaries among towns (and along these lines among schools) and the disparities that exist as a result of the manner in which we support our schools. The article Its about time! from the Boston Globe assists with advancing create and indicate these differences. The biggest measure of income for government funded schools is gotten through property charges. This, along these lines, causes schools situated in wealthier towns to give more dollars spent per understudy and schools in poor towns to give significantly less. The towns of Edgewood and Alamo Heights in Texas are genuine instances of the disparities present and the debate that can be found all through the nation. Business flourishes in Alamo Heights, while in Edgewood, a urban neighborhood, business and mechanical property is least. With an a lot bigger populace (22,000 understudies), Edgewood has the most reduced property estimation per student in the metropolitan region at $5,960. Alamo Heights, then again, just houses 5,000 understudies and offers over $49,000 property estimation per student. Rodriguez took this case to the Supreme Court to choose whether these disparities could be permitted under the privileges of the Constitution. As indicated by Raskin, despite the fact that the Constitution doesn't explicitly make reference to instruction, it is training that permits people to participate in other sacred rights, for example, discourse, casting a ballot, and getting data. Equity Powell decided that this training was legitimate and that in light of the fact that there were incongruities in spending levels, this doesn't demonstrate that the schools were not prov... <!

Investigating Jefferson's Definition of 'Equality Essay

Examining Jefferson's Definition of 'Fairness - Essay Example This record later on motivated the progressive endeavors of the Americans and advanced their perspectives and qualities with respect to the idea of another country. Announcement of Independence additionally assumed a critical job in numerous transformations around the globe, which happened after American upheaval.  â â â â â Jefferson's record is prominently viewed as being basic in expressing the privileges of residents. Americans, even today, accept that the expression all men are made equivalent expressed in the record is their central right, and the report itself is the establishment for American balance. In any case, Declaration of Independence (O’Brien) to a great extent routed to the American culture and portrayed just the ethical privileges of white free men. The privileges of opportunity and fairness stayed a fantasy for the ladies, Native Americans and African Americans of the eighteenth century American culture. This paper depends on the Thesis Statement tha t Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia and Declaration of Independence portray his modest representation of the truth of the African race.  â â â â â The focal subject of Jefferson's Declaration of Independence itself is against the African race that existed in America. Jefferson, as his focal subject, holds that the motivation behind the Government is to make sure about the privileges of its ‘men’. ... He was raised by the penetrating ethics and estimations of the man centric culture. As indicated by the ethical convictions of the eighteenth century, where Jefferson was conceived and lived, rehearsing slave holding and being reliant on slaves and slave work were not ethically off-base. Jefferson, who acquired the fortune of slave holding, didn't free the slaves significantly in the wake of pronouncing his musings on equity and freedom†. In spite of the fact that Jefferson recognized subjection as ethically off-base and liberated for the opportunity of slaves and abrogation of bondage in his Notes, he proceeded with this training till his demise. Jefferson, by calling his slave populace as ‘blacks’, uncovered his considerations against racial coordination. Despite the fact that Jefferson is accepted to be supportive of general liberation, he considered slaves as sub-human and second rate compared to the whites in the gifts both of body and psyche (Voelker 2). Â à ‚     Though Jefferson holds the privileges of a man for opportunity and correspondence, we can see opposing comments about African race in his Notes and Declaration. Jefferson holds that all men are made equivalent, that they are enriched by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the quest for Happiness (Jefferson). In Declaration we see him denouncing subjugation as a â€Å"cruel war against human instinct itself,† which damaged â€Å"sacred privileges of life and liberty†. He considered servitude a â€Å"abominable crime,† a â€Å"moral depravity,† a â€Å"hideous blot,† and a â€Å"stain† that mutilated â€Å"what nature had presented on us of her most attractive blessings (Boyd). In any case, in Notes he held quick to his perspectives that they are in memory †¦ equivalent to the whites; in reason a lot

Event Planning with Mind Maps (Tutorial + Example)

Event Planning with Mind Maps (Tutorial + Example) Whether you’re planning a wedding, a press conference  or a corporate event, maintaining  a good overview of all your resources, tasks, deadlines and stakeholders is key.  A mind map  is  a fantastic format for event planning  as it enables you to collect all information related to the event in a centralized place, invite your co-organizers to collaborate with you, and go efficiently  from brainstorming to execution. To make things a little less theoretical, were going to use a practical example to explain the method of event planning with mind maps. Imagine the following scenario: Jess and Jim are fashion stylists whove just started their own styling agency. To launch their new business with a boom, theyre organizing a press event for local fashion journalists where they can showcase their work. Looking for even more ways to use mind maps? Get inspired with these 13 mind map examples. Event Planning with Mind Maps Step by Step 1. Create and Share Your Mind Map Create a new mind map, write the name of your event in the center of the map and then create 4-6 branches around it. For our example, and for a lot of other events, the following organization of branches works well: Once the  basic structure of your map is finished, share it  with your co-organizers either via email or via link so you can brainstorm and work  out the details  together. 2. Note Down the Basics Use the INFO branch to note down the budget you  have available, the events date and time, and everyones responsibilities. This branch will subsequently offer you a quick overview of the most important event details. Tip: To determine  the best date and time for your  event, first check  the calendar to ensure you dont  have to compete with other major events or holidays. In our example, Jess and Jim would have made sure not to hold the event during New York  Fashion Week or Berlin Premium. 3. Whos Coming? Unless youre planning a  birthday party for your loner cat, the number of invitees is probably too big to write the name of every single person in your mind map.  A Google Sheet or Excel file is much better suited for a complete guest list with names, email addresses and phone numbers, and anyway, you can easily attach the file (or add a  link to the Google Sheet) to your mind map. If the event isnt too big, however, you may find it useful to  include an overview of the organizing team and key personell in the map itself.  You can add peoples  contact details in the notes section of their names to ensure the map doesnt get too cluttered. 4. Find a Suitable Location If you already know the location for your event, you can note down the address in the LOCATION branch right away. Jess and Jim from our example werent sure where to hold their event at first, so they used a separate mind map to brainstorm ideas and consider the pros and cons of each venue. After careful consideration, they  decided that renting a big photo studio in the city would be ideal  for their press event, as it would be easy to reach for journalists, not too expensive, and offer a fitting space to showcase their work. Jess and Jim already know a few studios in the city, so all they have to do is find out which one is available for rent at their preferred date and for an amount that fits their  budget. They create tasks for all of these to-dos in the LOCATION branch  and assign them to Donna, their assistant whos responsible for all things related to the venue. Tip:  Be sure to use  whole sentences or phrases in those topics that are used as  tasks. If  you decide to export the tasks into a separate  project management tool such as MeisterTask, you wont see the context of the mind map, so single keywords may not offer enough information anymore. 5. Plan the Program for  Your Event In the PROGRAM  branch you can outline  the main agenda items and note down the estimated  starting times of each one. The key to successful event planning is to be realistic with your estimations and keep in mind that things often take longer than expected. Now, think about all the smaller things that happen before, during and in-between those main items, starting at the beginning: How will  guests get to the locationâ€"do you need to organize any sort of transport? What will the weather be like at the time of the eventâ€"will you need  a cloakroom and attendant? Who will hand guests the welcome drink and how many bottles of each beverage will you need? Who will take away empty glasses from tables? Are there even tables at the venue, and if so, are there enough? You can add topics and tasks  to the agenda items themselves or  insert them into another related branch. Things that arent directly related to location, marketing, or people just go into the GENERAL branch of your mind map. Tip: A good way to find holes and oversights in your event planning  is to visit  the location and do a walk-through as if you were one of the guests. 6. Marketing  PR Which  marketing and PR activities youll need to plan largely depends on the type of event youre organizing. For a wedding, the only item in this branch might be Send invitations. For a large-scale conference, the marketing would include anything from setting up a website to creating an email drip campaign and social media profiles. In our example, Jess and Jim add the following tasks to their map: 7. Go from Planning to Execution Once the planning phase is concluded, its time to get to work. By now your mind map  probably holds quite a big number of tasks. If you want, you can just leave them right there  and use the map itself as your task management platform. In addition to assigning tasks to map collaborators you can add due dates and priorities in MindMeister, and indicate the  completion of tasks. For bigger events, however,  you may find that the mind map is not the best format to manage all tasks. Luckily, going from planning in a mind map to execution in a task management tool is simple and only takes a few seconds. If youve signed up for MindMeisters little brother MeisterTask (using your existing MindMeister login details) you can simply open the MeisterTask footer in the mind map and create a new project board. All mind map collaborators will automatically be invited to the project, and all tasks will be exported immediately. In the MeisterTask project board you can then  create a workflow that fits your needs (e.g. using the Kanban method) and organize tasks accordingly. For more information about the workflow between MindMeister and MeisterTask, you can take a look at our short demo video or read more on our website. Plan Your Next Event With MindMeister Try it now!

Essay on The Unique Art Produced During the Renaissance

The renaissance or â€Å"rebirth† was a cultural awakening which spanned from the fourteenth to sixteenth century. A growing interest in humanist traits and classical ideas heavily influenced the art during the renaissance. A growing community of artists provided much needed competition for their profession. The renaissance introduced many different and modern ideas but also remained obedient to classical belief. The unique art of the renaissance spread throughout Europe. Northern European art differed tremendously from Italian art. Art during the early renaissance time period was mostly commissioned by wealthy and powerful families. Ruling families were accepted by the average public. These families commissioned various and lavish artworks.†¦show more content†¦This unique blending of fresh ideas and rejuvenating classical ideas defined Masaccio’s artwork and more importantly the art of the early renaissance. The high renaissance time period introduced the wor ld to arguably its best artists. Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian ruled the grand community of artists at the time. Da Vinci and Michelangelo further succeeded because of their versatility. The high renaissance was marked by rival city-states and a continued trend of lavish spenders. Religious and political leaders spent great quantity of money to have their chapels, or any setting appear better than their rivals. Michelangelo’s artwork dominates over any other in the Sistine chapel. The Sistine chapel is the ideal place of where new popes are elected. Michelangelo brought along his love for sculpting in his paintings. There are about three hundred figures on the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling, and no two appear the same. Michelangelo’s artwork has an enormous variety of expression. Arguably Michelangelo’s best painting; The Creation of Adam perfectly represents his ideas. God is shown flying through the sky; while Adam is bound to the earth . Beneath the Lord’s left arm appears to be Eve, waiting to be born. The viewer’s eye follows the entire arm motion perfectly, which ends up pointing at Christ’s child face. Michelangelo’s figures differ greatly from Leonardo Da Vinci’s formal poses and gestures. Michelangelo’s figures includeShow MoreRelatedRenaissance Time Capsule1187 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance Time Capsule Rodney A. Mathis HUM/102 June 2, 2014 Dr. Julie Kares Renaissance Time Capsule As part of my introduction to humanities class, I was required to probe for a concealed time capsule from both the Renaissance and the Baroque ages. Thereafter, I was required to identify at least two examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature depicted during the periods. By doing so, I expected to identify how these examples reflected world events and cultural blueprintsRead MoreComparing Art And The Baroque Eras989 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Art of the Renaissance and the Baroque Eras The Renaissance and the Baroque eras created some of the most famous works of art produced in the world. The two eras expressed differences in style and theme, but they also have many characteristics in common. To better understand the similarities of the eras it will be described by the characteristics, styles and the influences of each; Renaissance and Baroque works of art. Famous artist from the Renaissance era were Leonard da Vinci and MichelangeloRead MoreEssay on The Harlem Renaissance1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance refers to a prolific period of unique works of African-American expression from about the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Although it is most commonly associated with the literary works produced during those years, the Harlem Renaissance was much more than a literary movement; similarly, it was not simply a reaction against and criticism of racism. The Harlem Renaissance inspired, cultivated, and, most importantly, legitimatedRead MoreImpact Of The Italian Renaissance1387 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the decline and disappearance of the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance was introduced to the European culture. The Italian Renaissance was the revival of the Greek and Roman cultures in forms of art, education, and literature. The Renaissance originally began in Florence, Italy during the time of 14 A.D and eventually began to expand throughout western and northern Europe in 15 A.D. The rebirthing of these ancient cultures brought mu ch awareness and knowledge to the Italian society andRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Italian Renaissance was a time for great cultural change and achievements, which began in Italy approximately during the 13th century and lasted up until the 16th century. It marked the transition between the Dark Ages and Early Modern Europe. The European Renaissance originated in Central Italy, and centered in the city of Florence.i The distinctive characteristics of northern Italian states such as art, literature, philosophy, and culture produced an atmosphere of learning and artistic expressionRead MoreThe Carolingian Renaissance1472 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The Carolingian Renaissance is known for the cultural transitions and great achievements that were obtained in the 8th century under the direction of Charlemagne. Charlemagne, who was also known as Carolus Magnus and Charles the Great, was one of the greatest leaders during the Middle Ages. He was a military man, king of the Franks, and was appointed as Roman emperor in 800 AD. Throughout Europe, he was seen as a great example of an emperor and Christian king. Not only did he revive the politicalRead MoreComparing The Italian And Italian Renaissance1748 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 26, 2015 Art 111 Northern Renaissance and Italian Renaissance Differences between the Italian and Northern Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and technological changes which swept Europe from the end of the 13 century. It was integral in developing Europe into a powerhouse. Although, each part of Europe was subjected to different changes, there were two primary renaissances which were most notable. They were the Italian and the Northern renaissance. Both of theseRead MoreLeonardo s Madonna Of The Rocks1298 Words   |  6 PagesMadonna has a little facial shadowing that barely convey depth. Renaissance art tended to be quite monumental. It was the time of a powerful and wealthy church, princely courts, and powerful patrons of the arts such as the de Medici family. Architecture, sculptures, and paintings were massive, opulent, and enduring. The primo fresco of the Sistine chapel is not only vast but was meant to last the test of time. Along with the monumentality of art, there was the emergence of artistic fame. Particular popesRead MoreWhy Did The Renaissance Come From Northern Europe?1696 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Renaissance come later to northern Europe than to Italy and what were its distinctive characteristics? The Renaissance, a term coined by Giorgio Vasari in 1550 , is used to describe the period of cultural and intellectual change which started in Italy and then spread across the rest of Europe. This development in society led to Europe stepping out of the medieval era and becoming a powerhouse on a global scale. The Italian Renaissance is what the majority of people think ofRead MoreLeonardo da Vinci is one of the most well-known geniuses in human history. This man masters900 Words   |  4 PagesLisa, fascinated millions of people around the world and the amazing and mysterious details in the painting attracted a number of scientists and scholars to devote their whole career in studying them. Born and lived in Italian Renaissance age, which is a period of time when arts flourished and knowledge was valued, Leonardo was surrounded by many great contemporary artists and a perfect creative environment. These favorable factors supported him to fully exercise his talents. As a writer, Leonardo

A Childs Need for Discipline Essay - 673 Words

Parenthood is the hardest job in the world, but done right it can be the most rewarding. Teaching a child the right way from a young age will pay dividends. A child needs guidelines in which to follow in order to develop into a well rounded adult. Showing the child the right way from the start will make the growing and learning process easier for them. A child taught to use manners as early as they start to talk will use them naturally as they progress through childhood, manners might not be high up on modern day parent’s lists of priorities, but, the concept of manners brings with it also the concept of respect for others, the two go hand in hand. A child who has grasped the concept of using their manners correctly will also have an†¦show more content†¦These children will be more advanced in their speech and knowledge by the time they are ready for school, whereas children who are put out to play or left to their own devices will seek to destruct out of boredom or to gain attention as they know no other way, they will have a smaller vocabulary and their speech may be underdeveloped. These children may also find it difficult to relate to other children and make friendships, often preferring altercation instead. A set bedtime and a good bedtime routine is advantageous to both parent and child as a child who has a routine will go to bed calmly and sleep well with little or no trouble, leaving the parent with much needed ‘me’ time. A child who has not been given a set bedtime or has no routine to follow will resist going to bed and will often create or act up on being made to go to bed, making night times stressful for all. Also the child will not then get the quality sleep or amount of sleep needed for a young child, which as a knock on effect will make the new day also a battle of wills. The parents will also have less or no time to themselves in the evening or night time which in itself can cause resentment. Parents of children who act up in the night time will also find it harder to get night time care for their child if they wish to have a night out causing further resentment. The differences between children with these two different upbringings canShow MoreRelatedThree Categories of Discipline Essays1023 Words   |  5 PagesDiscipline is an essential component of every child’s developmental process. From birth, the primary deficiency of children is their lack of knowledge and understanding of the world. Contrary to the negative connotation of the word’s modern usage, â€Å"discipline† actually has origin in Latin meaning â€Å"to teach.† Therefore, discipline is simply the teaching of information that is necessary for children to be successful in their respective environments. In child development, discipline refers to theRead MoreDisciplining Children: Parenting Styles Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesalways about correcting a child’s behavior, it is about moral harmony. The way parents discipline their own children has a lot to do with the way their child matures throughout his or her own life. Ultimately, it is about a parent raising their children in the best way they see fit; creating a legacy. Some of the many factors that determine a child’s ultimate outcome include: the types of parenting styles used on children, parent involvement, and the many methods of discipline. The first, and mostRead MoreIs It Child Abuse Or Discipline?1436 Words   |  6 PagesChild Abuse or Discipline? Child abuse viewed in the form of discipline is a growing epidemic that affects both the child in the present and can also damage them emotionally or physically in the future. The line between child abuse and discipline may seem obvious to most people, but where is the line actually drawn? Child abuse is anything that emotionally or physically endangers/impairs a child’s well-being, whereas discipline is correcting a behavior in a manner that helps the child’s growth. PhysicalRead MoreIs It Illegal For A Child As A Form Of Discipline? Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesIs it illegal in Australia to slap or smack a child as a form of discipline? Should it be? In Australia it is legal to smack children as a form of discipline, however this is something that should be seriously looked at, as it can lead to severe consequences, such as psychological damage, through parents abusing their children. On the other hand, there is a need to discipline children, but this can be achieved through alternative punishments, rather than parents resorting to a scornful slap. TheRead MoreThe First Dawning of Self-Discipline Comes Through Work. Discuss This Statement1269 Words   |  6 PagesESSAY 5: â€Å"THE FIRST DAWNING OF SELF-DISCIPLINE COMES THROUGH WORK†. DISCUSS THIS STATEMENT. Montessori believed that inner discipline, or self-discipline, is an active skill which is developed over time within each child, and is not something that pre-exists. She held it to be a natural part of the normal progression and growth of the child, but nevertheless, something that must be nurtured in the right way in order for it to develop fully. In her view, every child is born with the innate abilityRead MoreParenting980 Words   |  4 Pageschildren to inevitably {hopefully} produce respectable adults. Often parents will emulate the style of discipline they experienced growing up. It is important to know the effects discipline may have emotionally on children. A few techniques that can be utilized in positive parenting are discipline, a child’s growth mentally and physically, and how to be consistent. Discipline is often a touchy subject when it involves a legal situation. Parents are often confused about where toRead MoreThe Case Against Spanking By Brendan L. Smith910 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical discipline has been viewed as a violation of Children’s Human Rights. Physical punishment of children became a taboo in 30 countries this legal ban is used only as public education tools, which is to assist anti-violence instead of looking into the behavior of parents who used physical punishment on their children. In order to educate kids, physical punishment doesn’t work. The research recommends that physical punishment is wrong and should not be used as a method of discipline. ResearchRead MorePoor Parental Supervision And Child Discipline Practices975 Words   |  4 Pagessaying that states â€Å"it all starts at home† and these three; Poor parental supervision and child discipline practices, Criminal parents and siblings, and Low income and resi ding in urban areas examples are just a few ways that we possibly could correct and prevent your child from being a juvenile delinquent. POOR PARENTAL SUPERVISION AND CHILD DISCIPLINE PRACTICES Poor parental supervision and child discipline practices can play a large part in how your child develops into adulthood. Everyone’s livesRead MoreEffects Of Parent Child Dynamics On Emotional Development1262 Words   |  6 Pagesto be the best person they can be. When raising children, the connection and relationship that is shared between parents and child are significant. Multiple studies and research proves that different engagements and experiences such as affection, discipline techniques and parenting styles all can have positive or negative effects on a child and therefore, have critical consequences in development. Some consequences include high or low acceptance ratings from the infants as well as impacts on socialRead MoreEssay How Do Parents Influence Child Development1680 Words   |  7 Pagestheir child’s development. Were you ever curious why you act the way you do? Why did you turn out the way you did? There are many factors that affect a child’ s development. One being the attachment the child received during infancy, whether the child had a secure or unsecured bond with their parent. The second element is the types of parenting styles used while the child was developing. There are three components: authoritarian, permissive and authoritative. These two factors affect the child’s behavior

The Basic Facts of Sociology Issues

The Basic Facts of Sociology Issues While the web provides a great selection of similar companies, it might not be simple to select a reliable one. As a result of technological development, social networking services are enhanced. As a consequence, social issues can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools, including that seen in the usa. Don't forget to select only topics linked to your personal interests. What You Need to Know About Sociology Issues The impacts of domestic violence on children frequently have a long-lasting impact and certain elements help determine the personality development of the kid. Instead, you can perform a study on the impacts of the racial stereotype among teenager in schools. There are a number of methods people use to combat social problems. Throughout the life program, there are social problems connected with distinct ages. Depending upon the portion of earth, that you're conducting a research to analyze the source of poverty, you may find a variety of reasons or causes of poverty. Infectious diseases are often public health concerns as they can spread quickly and readily, affecting huge quantities of members. Essentially, it is a science about how humans interact with one another in society. A Startling Fact about Sociology Issues Uncovered Sociology is a diverse discipline, making use of a variety of theories and concepts. Sociology differs from the remainder of the social disciplines as it is dependent upon statistical data to a substantial extent together with on interpretative assessment and written materials. Sociology is, undoubtedly, a fascinating subject, particularly if you're fortunate enough to find a progressive-thinking professor. Research papers sociology writing ceases to be an issue, assuming that you decide on a topic that inspires you. If you would like to learn how to write great essays on sociology, just take the next steps. Introductions are supplied for every one of the units. Topics of the research might vary greatly. You're definitely anticipated to supply the outcomes of your Sociology analysis or experiment. When there's insufficient relevant info about the subject, it's better to switch to an alternative one. Register now to delight in an excellent social life. Conduct quick background research on the subject. The Basic Facts of Sociology Issues Your knowledge of this question will allow you to cope with giving the explanations for the value of your possible contribution to Sociology. Also, a couple mistakes need to be made for the progress to occur, and everything needs to be questioned for the answers to appear. When picking your social problems topic, don't forget that it's always much better to write about something you're already more or less acquainted with. If only a few individuals are speaking out against it, then it's not a social matter. In the event you would like to understand the practice of essay writing an amazing sociology paper, have a look at the steps explained below. Utilize all you know to reveal your knowledge of the Earth, and bring out good old philosophical theories. Some emerging studies demonstrate that the wellness benefits might be the very same for grape juice and wine. Also worth mentioning is that the custom of discipline is among the most humbling things you can do to help yourself. In such a fashion, you will discover the most intriguing topic efficiently. Thus, bear in mind that in such an important field as environmental sociology, there are several essential things to discuss. The best debates in sports history live on forever because there's never a correct answer in any event. Go to exactly the same place to reply to every topic also.

Society and Culture free essay sample

Societies are groups of people who directly or indirectly interact with each other. While cultures are complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions, societies are groups of interacting organisms. The word culture has many different meanings. For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food. For a biologist, it is likely to be a colony of bacteria or other microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory dish. However, for anthropologists and other behavior scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns (Dean, 2010, p. 88). Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, government, buildings, and other man made t hings are merely the products of culture. They are not culture in themselves, for this reason, archaeologists cannot dig up culture directly in their excavations. There are very likely three layers or levels of culture that are part of your learned behavior patterns and perceptions. Most obviously is the body of cultural traditions that distinguish your specific society. When people speak of Italian, Samoan, or Japanese culture, they are referring to the shared language, traditions, and beliefs that set each of these people apart from others. In most cases, those who share your culture do so because they acquired it as they were raised by parents and other family members who have it. The second layer of culture that may be part of your identity is a subculture. In complex and diverse societies in which people have come from many different parts of the world, they often retain much of their original tradition. As a result, they are likely to be part of an identifiable subculture in their new society. The shared cultural traits of subcultures set them apart from the rest of their society. Examples of easily identifiable subcultures in the United States include ethnic groups such as Vietnamese Americans, African American, and Mexican Americans. Members of each of these subcultures share a common identity, food tradition, dialect or language, and other cultural trait that come from their common ancestral background and experience. As the cultural differences between members of a subculture and the dominant national culture fade and eventually disappear, the subculture ceases to exist except as a group of people who claim a common ancestry. That is generally the case with German American and Irish Americans in the United States today. Most of them identify themselves as Americans first. They also see themselves as being part of the cultural mainstream of the nation. The third layer of culture consists of cultural universals. These are learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity collectively. No matter where people live in the world, they share these universal traits. Examples of such â€Å"human cultural† traits include communicating with a verbal language consisting of a limited set of sounds and grammatical rules for constructing sentences, using age and gender to classify people, classifying people based on marriage and descent relationships and having kinship terms to refer to them, or raising children in some sort of family setting. While cultures have these and possibly many others universal trait, different cultures have developed their own specific ways of carrying out or expressing them. For instance, people in deaf subcultures frequently use their hands to communicate with sign language instead of verbal language. However, sign languages have grammatical rules just as verbal ones. People in human society also generally perceive that their society is distinct from other societies in terms of shared traditions and expectations. While human societies and cultures are not the same thing, they are connected because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society. Cultures are not the product of lone individuals. They are the continuously evolving products of people interacting with each other (Stoll, 1998, p. 98). Cultural patterns such as language and politics make no sense except in terms of the interaction of people. If you were the only human on earth, there would be no need for language or government. There has been much debate over what makes a society successful. People must play a part in agreeing to certain laws and in choosing a given leader. If people lose that right, then society won’t function as well. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that without society, human life would be â€Å"nasty, brutish and short†. Man’s natural state, he argued, would be to preserve only oneself. A man without society would steal another family’s food, seduce other men’s wives and kill anyone who got in his way. Of course, the same man would be in constant danger of those things happening to him, his wife and his children. What people needed was a society that would provide protection by subjecting everyone to a set of rules. But the number of governments, tribes, and communities today demonstrate that there’s no single way to form or govern a society (Wildavsky, 1998, p101). A society without an agreed upon code of conduct would be like football without rules or a referee. People will cooperate and commit to a society only as long as they can choose the person who mediates and voice an opinion on the rules. It’s interesting to observe certain things that affect our society. For example, the Internet, there’s no referee, and the rules that govern our interpersonal contact don’t seem to hold much sway. With the anonymity provided by a screen name, people feel like they can say things they wouldn’t otherwise say, things that may even be hurtful or dangerous. You can do everything from order a pizza online to pay your electric bill, some people worry that the Internet will destroy our real societies, as people opt out of participating in real life in favor of participating in cyberspace. On the other hand, some would argue that the Internet has only made our societies larger (Stoll, 1998, p. 154). A person in Chicago, after all, can converse easily with a person in china. It will be interesting to see how much more technology will shape our societies in the future. Cultures in societies are learned. Infants come into this world with basic drives such as hunger and thirst, but they do not possess instinctive patterns of behavior to satisfy them. Likewise, they are without any cultural knowledge. They are genetically predisposed to rapidly learn language and other cultural traits. Newborn humans are amazing learning machines. Any normal baby can be placed into a family on earth and grow up to learn their culture and accept it as his or her own. Since culture is non-instinctive, we are not genetically programmed to learn a particular one. Every human generation potentially can discover new things and new cultures from different societies. The new cultural skills and knowledge are added onto what was learned in previous generations. As a result, cultures in different societies are cumulative. There are many different varieties of culture in our society. They are cultures such as subcultures, dominant cultures and countercultures. Each culture plays a very important role in our society today. Society is the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction, and culture is the totality of our shared language, knowledge, material creations, and the rules for behavior (Witt, 2012, p. 50). Culture and society are not the same thing, yet that cannot exist without each other.